Technetium Tc 99m Sulfur Colloid Injection emits radiation. Use procedures to minimize radiation exposure. Measure patient dose by a suitable radioactivity calibration system immediately before administration.
2.1 Recommended Doses
•
Breast cancer or malignant melanoma setting in adults: 3.7 to 37 MBq (0.1 to 1 mCi) in volumes ranging from 0.1 to 1 mL by subcutaneous injection.
•
Peritoneo-venous (LeVeen) shunt setting in adults: 37 to 111 MBq (1 to 3 mCi) by intraperitoneal injection, or 12 to 37 MBq (0.3 to 1 mCi) in a volume not to exceed 0.5 mL by percutaneous transtubal (efferent limb) injection. Patient repositioning or other measures may be used to help assure uniform mixing of the radiopharmaceutical with peritoneal fluid.
•
Imaging areas of functioning reticuloendothelial cells:
In adults:
•
liver/spleen imaging: 37 to 296 MBq (1 to 8 mCi) by intravenous injection;
•
bone marrow imaging: 111 to 444 MBq (3 to 12 mCi) by intravenous injection.
In pediatric patients:
•
liver/spleen imaging in children: 0.56 to 2.78 MBq (0.015 to 0.075 mCi) per kg of body weight (BW) by intravenous injection;
•
liver/spleen imaging in newborns: 7.4 to 18.5 MBq (0.20 to 0.50 mCi) by intravenous injection;
•
bone marrow imaging: 1.11 to 5.55 MBq (0.03 to 0.15 mCi) per kg of BW by intravenous injection.
•
Gastroesophageal and pulmonary aspiration imaging studies:
In adults:
•
gastroesophageal studies: 5.55 to 11.1 MBq (0.15 to 0.30 mCi) by oral administration;
•
pulmonary aspiration studies: 11.1 to 18.5 MBq (0.30 to 0.50 mCi) by oral administration.
In pediatric patients:
•
gastroesophageal and pulmonary aspiration studies: 3.7 to 11.1 MBq (0.10 to 0.30 mCi) by oral or nasogastric tube administration. For oral administration, combine the radiopharmaceutical with a milk feeding. For nasogastric tube administration, administer the radiopharmaceutical into the stomach then instill a normal volume of dextrose or milk feeding.
2.2 Drug Preparation and Administration
•
The contents of the two Solution vials, the Solution A vial containing the appropriate acidic solution and the Solution B vial containing the appropriate buffer solution, are intended only for use in the preparation of the Technetium Tc 99m Sulfur Colloid Injection and are not to be directly administered to the patient.
•
Do not use Sodium Pertechnetate Tc 99m containing oxidants to reconstitute this kit.
•
The contents of the kit are not radioactive. However, after the Sodium Pertechnetate Tc 99m is added, maintain adequate shielding of the final preparation. Wear waterproof gloves during the preparation procedure.
•
Do not use Sodium Pertechnetate Tc 99m containing more than 10 micrograms per mL of aluminum ion because a flocculent precipitate may occur and such a precipitate may localize in the lung.
•
The contents of the kit are sterile and non-pyrogenic. This preparation contains no bacteriostatic preservative. Follow the directions carefully and adhere strictly to aseptic procedures during preparation.
Prepare Technetium Tc 99m Sulfur Colloid Injection by the following aseptic procedure:
1.
Remove the dark brown plastic cap from the Sulfur Colloid multi-dose Reaction Vial and swab the top of the vial closure with alcohol to sterilize the surface. Complete the radiation label and affix to the vial. Place the vial in an appropriate lead-capped radiation shield labeled and identified.
2.
With a sterile shielded syringe, aseptically obtain 1 to 3 mL of a suitable, oxidant-free sterile and non-pyrogenic Sodium Pertechnetate Tc 99m, each milliliter containing a maximum activity of 18,500 MBq (500 mCi).
3.
Aseptically add the Sodium Pertechnetate Tc 99m to the vial.
4.
Place a lead cover on the vial shield and dissolve the reagent by gentle swirling.
5.
Just before use, remove the red cap from the Solution A vial and swab the top of the vial closure with alcohol to sterilize the surface. Using a sterile needle and syringe, aseptically withdraw 1.5 mL Solution A from the vial. Aseptically Inject 1.5mL Solution A into the multi-dose Reaction Vial and swirl again.
6.
Transfer the multi-dose Reaction Vial from vial shield and place in a vigorously boiling water bath (water bath should be shielded with 1/8” to 1/4” lead) deep enough to cover the entire liquid contents of the vial. Keep the vial in the water bath for five minutes.
7.
Remove the multi-dose Reaction Vial from the water bath and place in the lead shield and allow to cool for three minutes. Swab the vial closure again with an antiseptic.
8.
Just before use, remove the blue cap from the Solution B vial and swab the top of the vial closure with alcohol to sterilize the surface. Using a sterile needle and syringe, aseptically withdraw 1.5 mL Solution B from the vial. Aseptically Inject 1.5 mL Solution B into the multi-dose Reaction Vial and swirl again.
9.
Record time and date of preparation.
10.
Allow the preparation to cool to body temperature before use. Maintain adequate shielding of the radioactive colloid preparation at all times.
11.
Where appropriate, dilute the preparation with sterile Sodium Chloride Injection to bring the dosage to within the recommended range.
12.
Mix the multi-dose Reaction Vial and aseptically withdraw material with a sterile shielded syringe for use within 6 hours of preparation. For optimum results this time should be minimized. The vial contains no bacteriostatic preservative. Store the reconstituted vial at 20 to 25°C (68 to77°F). Discard vial 6 hours after reconstitution.
13.
Carefully agitate the shielded syringe immediately prior to administration of sulfur colloid to avoid particles aggregation and non-uniform distribution of radioactivity.
Measure the patient dose by a suitable radioactivity calibration system immediately before administration. Check radiochemical purity before patient administration.
Inspect Technetium Tc 99m Sulfur Colloid Injection visually for particulate matter and discoloration before administration, whenever solution and container permit. Do not administer the drug if it contains particulate matter or discoloration; dispose of these unacceptable or unused preparations in a safe manner, in compliance with applicable regulations.
2.3 Radiation Dosimetry
•
Subcutaneous injection to assist in lymph node localization
Table 1. Estimated Adult Absorbed Radiation Doses from Subcutaneous Administration of Technetium Tc 99m Sulfur Colloid Injection (mSv/MBq and rem/mCi)1
Target Organ
mSv/MBq
rem/mCi
Injection Site
9.51
35. 2
Lymph Nodes
0.951
3.52
Liver
0.0028
0.0104
Spleen
0.0017
0.00629
Bone Marrow
0.0019
0.00703
Testes
0.0009
0.0033
Ovaries
0.00018
0.00066
Total Body
0.004
0.0148
1Bergqvist L, Strand S-E, Persson B, et al. Dosimetry inLymphoscintigraphy of Tc 99m Antimony Sulfide Colloid,J Nucl Med, 23: 698-705, 1982.
•
Intravenous Injection
Adult Radiation Doses
Table 2. Estimated Adult Absorbed Radiation Doses from Technetium Tc 99m Sulfur Colloid Injection Administration (mSv/MBq and rem/mCi)2
Diffuse Parenchymal Disease
Target Organ
Normal Liver
Early to Intermediate
Intermediate to Advanced
mSv/MBq
rem/mCi
mSv/MBq
rem/mCi
mSv/MBq
rem/mCi
Liver
0.091
0.338
0.058
0.213
0.044
0.163
Spleen
0.058
0.213
0.074
0.275
0.115
0.425
Bone Marrow
0.008
0.028
0.012
0.045
0.021
0.079
Testes
0.0003
0.001
0.0005
0.002
0.0008
0.003
Ovaries
0.0016
0.006
0.0022
0.008
0.0032
0.012
Total Body
0.005
0.019
0.005
0.019
0.005
0.018
2Modified from Summary of Current Radiation Dose Estimates to Humans with Various Liver Conditions from 99m Tc-Sulfur Colloid, MIRD Dose Estimate Report No 3, J Nucl Med 16: 108A - 108B, 197
Pediatric Radiation Doses
Table 3A. Estimated Pediatric Absorbed Radiation Doses from Technetium Tc 99m Sulfur Colloid Injection Administration of 1 MBq and 1 mCi for Liver/Spleen and Bone Marrow Imaging (in mSv/MBq and rem/mCi)3
Age
Body Weight
Newborn
3.5 kg
1 year
12.1 kg
5 years
20.3 kg
10 years
33.5 kg
15 years
55 kg
Absorbed Dose
Target Organ
Liver
mSv/MBq
0.86
0.38
0.22
0.18
0.13
rem/mCi
3.2
1.4
0.82
0.67
0.49
Spleen
mSv/MBq
0.76
0.32
0.18
0.13
0.09
rem/mCi
2.8
1.2
0.65
0.49
0.33
Red Marrow
mSv/MBq
0.16
0.05
0.03
0.022
0.01
rem/mCi
0.58
0.18
0.11
0.081
0.036
Ovaries
mSv/MBq
0.04
0.02
0.0103
0.0043
0.0022
rem/mCi
0.14
0.064
0.038
0.016
0.008
Testes
mSv/MBq
0.011
0.006
0.004
0.004
0.001
rem/mCi
0.04
0.021
0.013
0.014
0.002
Total Body
mSv/MBq
0.032
0.026
0.018
0.012
0.006
rem/mCi
0.12
0.096
0.066
0.043
0.022
3from Age-dependent “S” values of Henrichs et al, Berlin 1982, except for the 1-year old. The 1-year old “S” values were taken from phantom work of the Metabolism and Dosimetry Group at ORNL
Table 3B. Estimated Pediatric Maximum Absorbed Radiation Doses from Administration of the Maximum Recommended Dose for Technetium Tc 99m Sulfur Colloid Injection (mSv and rem) 3
Age
Body Weight
Newborn
3.5 kg
1 year
12.1 kg
5 years
20.3 kg
10 years
33.5 kg
15 years
55 kg
Maximum
Recommended Dose:
a*
b*
a*
b*
a*
b*
a*
b*
a*
b*
MBq
18.5
22.2
33.3
67.3
55.5
114.7
92.5
186.1
151.7
307.1
mCi
0.5
0.6
0.9
1.82
1.5
3.1
2.5
5.03
4.1
8.3
Maximum Absorbed Dose from Maximum Recommended Dose Administered (mSv and rem)
Target Organ
Liver
mSv
16
19.2
12.6
25.46
12.3
25.42
16.7
33.6
20.1
40.69
rem
1.6
1.92
1.26
2.55
1.23
2.54
1.67
3.36
2.01
4.07
Spleen
mSv
14
16.8
10.8
21.83
9.75
20.15
12.2
24.55
13.5
27.33
rem
1.4
1.68
1.08
2.18
0.98
2.02
1.22
2.45
1.35
2.73
Red Marrow
mSv
2.9
3.48
1.62
3.27
1.65
3.41
2.03
4.08
1.48
3
rem
0.29
0.35
0.16
0.33
0.17
0.34
0.2
0.41
0.15
0.3
Ovaries
mSv
0.7
0.84
0.58
1.17
0.57
1.18
0.4
0.8
0.34
0.69
rem
0.07
0.084
0.058
0.117
0.057
0.118
0.04
0.08
0.034
0.069
Testes
mSv
0.2
0.24
0.19
0.38
0.2
0.41
0.35
0.7
0.09
0.18
rem
0.02
0.024
0.019
0.038
0.02
0.041
0.035
0.07
0.009
0.018
Total Body
mSv
0.6
0.72
0.86
1.74
0.99
2.05
1.07
2.15
0.9
1.82
rem
0.06
0.072
0.086
0.174
0.099
0.205
0.107
0.215
0.09
0.182
*a liver/spleen imaging
*b bone marrow imaging
3.from Age-dependent “S” values of Henrichs et al., Berlin 1982, except for the 1-year old. The 1-year old “S” values were taken from phantom work of the Metabolism and Dosimetry Group at ORNL
•
Oral Administration
Table 4. Adult Radiation Absorbed Dose from Oral Administration of 1mCi of Technetium Tc99m Sulfur Colloid Injection (mSv/MBq and rem/mCi)
Target Organ
Assumed Residence Time (hr.)
mSv/MBq
rem/mCi
Stomach Wall
1.5
0.038
0.14
Small Intestine
4
0.07
0.26
Upper Large Intestine Wall
13
0.13
0.48
Upper Large Intestine Wall
24
0.089
0.33
Ovaries
-
0.026
0.096
Testes
-
0.001
0.005
Total Body
-
0.005
0.018
•
Intraperitoneal Injection
Table 5. Adult Absorbed Radiation Dose from Intraperitoneal Injection of 3 mCi of Technetium Tc 99m Sulfur Colloid (mSv/MBq and rem/mCi)
Target Organ
Shunt Open
Shunt Closed
mSv/MBq
rem/mCi
mSv/MBq
rem/mCi
Liver
0.092
0.34
0.015
0.056
Ovaries and Testes
0.0003 to 0.0016
0.0012 to 0.006
0.015
0.056
Organs in the Peritoneal Cavity
-
-
0.015
0.056
Total Body
0.0049
0.0180
0.005
0.019
Assumptions: Calculations for the absorbed radiation dose are based upon an effective half-time of 3 hours for the open shunt and 6.02 hours for the closed shunt and an even distribution of the radiopharmaceutical in the peritoneal cavity with no biological clearance.
•
Other Exposure Estimates
Table 6. Radiation Doses to Hospital Personnel (µSv/MBq and mrem/mCi)
Technician
Preparation of Drug*
Administered Drug
Target
µSv/MBq
mrem/mCi
µSv/MBq
mrem/mCi
Extremity Dose
0.016
0.0575
0.07
0.25
Whole Body Dose
0.0007
0.0025
0.003
0.0125
*Using shielded vial and syringe
2.4 Imaging Considerations
Breast cancer or malignant melanoma setting in adults:
•
In clinical studies, patients received injection of Technetium Tc 99m Sulfur Colloid Injection and a concomitant blue dye tracer in order to enhance the ability to detect lymph nodes. Visual inspection was performed to identify the blue-labeled nodes and a hand held gamma counter was used to identify nodes concentrating the radiopharmaceutical. Multiple methods were used to detect the concentrated radioactivity within lymph nodes. For example, investigators used thresholds of background radioactivity to localize nodes containing a minimum of radioactive counts 3 times higher than the background or containing at least 10 fold higher counts than contiguous nodes
.
•
In clinical studies of patients with malignant melanoma, preoperative lymphoscintigraphy was usually performed using planar imaging techniques to establish a road map of nodal basins and to facilitate intraoperative identification of lymph nodes.
[see Clinical Studies (14)]
•
Technetium Tc 99m Sulfur Colloid Injection and other tracers may not localize all lymph nodes and the tracers may differ in their extent of lymph node localization. The lymph node localization of Technetium Tc 99m Sulfur Colloid Injection is dependent upon the underlying patency and structure of the lymphatic system, the extent of functional reticuloendothelial cells within lymph nodes and the radiopharmaceutical injection technique. Distortion of the underlying lymphatic system architecture and function by prior surgery, radiation or extensive metastatic disease may result in failure of the radiopharmaceutical and other tracers to localize lymph nodes. The use of Technetium Tc 99m Sulfur Colloid Injection is intended to supplement palpation, visual inspection and other procedures important to lymph node localization.
[see Clinical Studies (14)]
Peritoneo-venous (LeVeen) shunt setting in adults: Following administration of Technetium Tc 99m Sulfur Colloid Injection into the peritoneal cavity, the radiopharmaceutical mixes with the peritoneal fluid. Clearance from the peritoneal cavity varies from insignificant, which may occur with complete shunt blockage, to very rapid clearance with subsequent transfer into the systemic circulation when the shunt is patent. Following transfer into the systemic circulation, the radiopharmaceutical concentrates within the liver (a target organ). Obtain serial images of both the shunt and liver. An adequate evaluation of the difference between total blockage of the shunt and partial blockage may not be feasible in all cases. Transperitoneal absorption of sulfur colloid into the systemic circulation may occur, but it occurs slowly. Therefore, the most definitive scintigraphic evaluation of shunt patency will generally be obtained if there is visualization of both the shunt itself and the liver and/or spleen within the first three hours post intraperitoneal injection of the radiopharmaceutical.
Imaging areas of functioning reticuloendothelial cells in liver, spleen or bone marrow: Altered biodistribution with lung and soft tissue uptake instead of reticuloendothelial system has been reported after intravenous injection. The size and physical-chemical properties of the sulfur colloid particles formed from the components of the kit may determine the biodistribution of the colloid and its uptake by the reticuloendothelial system. Diseases affecting the reticuloendothelial system may also alter the expected uptake pattern.
Gastroesophageal and pulmonary aspiration imaging studies: To facilitate the imaging of gastroesophageal reflux consider administering Sulfur Colloid by nasogastric tube.
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