Imogam Rabies-ht
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Questions & Answers
Side Effects & Adverse Reactions
- Administration of rabies post-exposure prophylaxis is a medical urgency, not a medical emergency, but decisions must not be delayed.
- Although no post-exposure vaccine failures have occurred in the US since cell culture vaccines have been routinely used, failures have occurred abroad when some deviation was made from the recommended post-exposure treatment protocol or when less than the currently recommended amount of antirabies sera was administered. (1)
- Rabies Immune Globulin (Human) USP, Heat Treated, Imogam® Rabies – HT, is made from human plasma. Because this product is made from human plasma, it may carry a risk of transmitting infectious agents, e.g., viruses, the variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (vCJD) agent and, theoretically, the Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (CJD) agent. The risk that such products will transmit an infectious agent has been reduced by screening plasma donors for prior exposure to certain viruses, by testing for the presence of certain current virus infections, and by inactivating and/or removing certain viruses. An alcohol fractionation procedure used to purify the immunoglobulin component removes and/or inactivates both enveloped and non-enveloped viruses to a certain extent. An added heat treatment process (60°C, 10 hours) further inactivates both enveloped and non-enveloped viruses. Despite these measures, it is still theoretically possible that known or unknown infectious agents may be present. Report all infections thought by a physician possibly to have been transmitted by this product to the Pharmacovigilance Department, Sanofi Pasteur Inc., 1-800-822-2463. Discuss the risks and benefits of this product with the patient.
- Prior to administration, review the patient history for possible sensitivity to human immune globulin. Epinephrine injection (1:1000) must be immediately available should an acute anaphylactic reaction occur.
- Persons with IgA deficiency have increased potential for developing antibodies to IgA and could have anaphylactic reactions to subsequent administration of blood products containing IgA. (4) (5)
Legal Issues
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FDA Safety Alerts
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Manufacturer Warnings
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FDA Labeling Changes
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Uses
Rabies Immune Globulin (Human) Heat Treated, Imogam® Rabies – HT, in conjunction with the standard series of Rabies Vaccine vaccinations, is indicated for individuals suspected of exposure to rabies, particularly severe exposure, with one exception: persons who have been previously immunized with Rabies Vaccine. Previously immunized persons are those who have had a documented rabies virus neutralizing antibody titer and who have completed one of the recommended regimens (pre-exposure or post-exposure) with a cell culture vaccine or another vaccine. Administer only vaccine to these persons (i.e., post-exposure for a person previously vaccinated). (1)
Inject Imogam® Rabies – HT, as promptly as possible after exposure, along with the first dose of vaccine. If initiation of treatment is delayed for any reason, still administer Imogam® Rabies – HT and the first dose of vaccine, regardless of the interval between exposure and treatment. If Rabies Immune Globulin (Human) was not administered when vaccination was begun (i.e., day 0), it can be administered up to and including day 7 of the post-exposure prophylaxis series. (1)
In order to manage potential human exposures to rabies appropriately, the risk of infection must be accurately assessed. Rabies virus is usually transmitted by the bite of a rabid animal (dog, bat, etc.) but can occasionally penetrate abraded skin contaminated with the saliva of infected animals. Progress of the virus after exposure is believed to follow a neural pathway, and the time between exposure and clinical rabies is a function of the proximity of the bite (or abrasion) to the central nervous system and the dose of virus injected. The incubation is usually 2 to 6 weeks but can be longer. After severe bites about the face, neck, and arms, it may be as short as 10 days. After initiation of the vaccine series (human diploid cell origin), it takes approximately one week for development of immunity to rabies; therefore, the value of immediate passive immunization with rabies antibodies in the form of Rabies Immune Globulin (Human) cannot be overemphasized.
Recommendations for passive and active immunization after exposure to an animal suspected of having rabies have been outlined by the WHO (3) and by the United States Public Health Service Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP). (1)
Centers for Disease Control (CDC) recommendations were derived from data on the safety and efficacy of active and passive rabies immunization from both uncontrolled human and animal studies.
Physicians must evaluate each possible rabies exposure. Consult local or state public health officials if questions arise about the need for treatment. Consider the following factors before specific antirabies treatment is initiated.
Rabid bats have been documented in the 49 continental states, and bats are increasingly implicated as important wildlife reservoirs for variants of rabies virus transmitted to humans. Transmission of rabies virus can occur from minor, seemingly underappreciated or unrecognized bites from bats (see Table 1). (1)
Because some bat bites may be less severe, and therefore more difficult to recognize, rabies post-exposure treatment should be considered for any physical contact with bats when bite, scratch, or mucous membrane contact cannot be excluded. (1)
Raccoons, skunks, and foxes are the terrestrial carnivores most often infected with rabies in the United States. Suggestive clinical signs of rabies among wildlife cannot be interpreted reliably. All bites by such wildlife should be considered possible exposures to rabies virus. Post-exposure prophylaxis should be initiated as soon as possible following suspected rabies virus exposure to such wildlife, unless the animal is available for diagnosis and public health authorities are facilitating expeditious laboratory testing, or if the brain tissue from the animal has already tested negative (see Table 1). (1)
Small rodents (e.g., squirrels, chipmunks, rats, mice, hamsters, guinea pigs, and gerbils) and lagomorphs (including rabbits and hares) are rarely infected with rabies and have not been known to transmit rabies to humans. In all cases involving rodents, the state or local health department should be consulted before a decision is made to initiate post-exposure prophylaxis (see Table 1). (1)
The likelihood of rabies in a domestic animal varies regionally, and the need for post-exposure prophylaxis also varies on the basis of regional epidemiology (see Table 1). (1)
An unprovoked attack might be more likely than a provoked attack to indicate the animal is rabid. Bites inflicted on a person attempting to feed or handle an apparently healthy animal should generally be regarded as provoked. Consult the local or state health department following a provoked or unprovoked exposure to determine the best course of action based on current public health recommendations.
Rabies is commonly transmitted by inoculation with infectious saliva. The likelihood that rabies infection will result from exposure to a rabid animal varies with the nature and extent of the exposure. Two categories of exposure should be considered, bite and nonbite.
Any penetration of the skin by teeth.
Scratches, abrasions, open wounds or mucous membranes contaminated with saliva or other potentially infectious material such as brain tissue from a rabid animal. Indirect contact and activities (e.g., petting or handling an animal, contact with blood, urine or feces, and contact of saliva with intact skin) do not constitute exposures. Rare reports of aerosol exposure have been received from laboratory and bat-infested cave settings. (1)
Rare cases of rabies from human-to-human transmission have occurred in patients in the US and overseas who received organs transplanted from persons who died of rabies undiagnosed at the time of death. No documented laboratory-diagnosed cases of human-to-human rabies transmission have been documented from a bite or nonbite exposure other than the transplant cases. At least two cases of human-to-human rabies transmission in Ethiopia have been suggested, but rabies as the cause of death was not confirmed by laboratory testing. The reported route of exposure in both cases was direct salivary contact from another human (i.e., a bite and a kiss). Routine delivery of health care to a patient with rabies is not an indication for post-exposure prophylaxis unless the healthcare worker is reasonably certain that he or she was bitten by the patient or that his or her mucous membranes or nonintact skin was exposed directly to potentially infectious saliva or neural tissue. (1)
A properly immunized animal has a minimal chance of developing rabies and transmitting the virus.
The essential components of rabies post-exposure prophylaxis are wound treatment and, for previously unvaccinated persons, the administration of both human rabies immune globulin (RIG) and vaccine. (1)
Thoroughly wash and flush all bite wounds and scratches immediately or as early as possible (for about 15 minutes, if possible) with soap or a cleansing agent and copious amounts of water. Where available, apply an iodine-containing, or similarly viricidal, topical preparation to the wound. (3)
Administer Tetanus prophylaxis and measures to control bacterial infection, as indicated.
Administer post-exposure antirabies vaccination with rabies vaccine in addition to administering Rabies Immune Globulin (RIG). However, for persons who have previously received complete vaccination regimens (pre-exposure or post-exposure) with a cell culture vaccine or persons who have been vaccinated with other types of vaccines and have had documented rabies antibody titers, administer the vaccine alone. The combination (administered at different sites) of Rabies Immune Globulin (RIG) and vaccine is recommended for both bite exposures and nonbite exposures (see Rationale of Treatment), regardless of the interval between exposure and initiation of treatment. (1)
The following recommendations are only a guide. Apply these in conjunction with knowledge of the animal species involved, circumstances of the bite or other exposure, vaccination status of the animal, and presence of rabies in the region. Consult local and state public health officials if questions arise about the need for rabies prophylaxis.
| Animal Type | Evaluation and Disposition of Animal | Post-exposure Prophylaxis Recommendations |
|---|---|---|
|
||
| Dogs, cats, and ferrets | Healthy and available for 10 days observation | Persons should not begin prophylaxis unless animal develops clinical signs of rabies.* |
| Rabid or suspected rabid | Immediately begin prophylaxis. | |
| Unknown (e.g., escaped) | Consult public health officials. | |
| Wild skunks, raccoons, foxes, and most other carnivores; bats† | Regarded as rabid unless animal proven negative by laboratory tests‡ | Consider immediate prophylaxis. |
| Livestock, small rodents, lagomorphs (rabbits and hares), large rodents (woodchucks and beavers), and other mammals | Consider individually | Consult public health officials. Bites from squirrels, hamsters, guinea pigs, gerbils, chipmunks, rats, mice, other small rodents, rabbits, and hares almost never require antirabies post-exposure prophylaxis. |
History
There is currently no drug history available for this drug.
Other Information
Rabies Immune Globulin (Human) USP, Heat Treated, Imogam® Rabies – HT, is a sterile solution of antirabies immunoglobulin (10-18% protein) for wound infiltration and intramuscular administration. Rabies immune globulin (RIG) is prepared by cold alcohol fractionation from pooled venous plasma of individuals immunized with Rabies Vaccine prepared from human diploid cells (HDCV). The product is stabilized with 0.3 M glycine. The immune globulin solution has a pH of 6.8 ± 0.4 adjusted with sodium hydroxide or hydrochloric acid. No preservatives are added. Imogam® Rabies – HT is a colorless to light opalescent liquid.
A heat-treatment process step (58° to 60°C, 10 hours) to inactivate viruses is used to further reduce any risk of blood-borne viral transmission. The inactivation and removal of model laboratory strains of enveloped and non-enveloped viruses during the manufacturing and heat treatment processes for Imogam® Rabies – HT have been validated by spiking experiments.
Human immunodeficiency virus, type 1 (HIV-1) and type 2 (HIV-2) were selected as relevant viruses for plasma derived products. Bovine viral diarrhea virus and Sindbis virus were chosen to model hepatitis C virus. Porcine pseudorabies virus was selected to model hepatitis B virus and herpes virus. Avian reovirus was used to model non-enveloped RNA viruses and for its relative resistance to inactivation by chemical and physical methods. Finally, porcine parvovirus was selected to model human parvovirus B19 and its notable resistance to inactivation by heat treatment.
Removal and/or inactivation of the spiked model viruses was demonstrated at the precipitation III stage of manufacturing. In addition, inactivation was demonstrated to occur during the 10-hour (58° to 60°C) heat treatment process for the representative enveloped and non-enveloped viruses.
The product is standardized against the United States (US) Standard Rabies Immune Globulin. The US unit of potency is equivalent to the International Unit (IU) for rabies antibody. The minimal potency is 150 IU/mL.
The vial stopper is not made with natural rubber latex.
Sources
Imogam Rabies-ht Manufacturers
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Sanofi Pasteur Inc.
![Imogam Rabies-ht (Human Rabies Virus Immune Globulin) Injection, Solution [Sanofi Pasteur Inc.]](/wp-content/themes/bootstrap/assets/img/loading2.gif)
Imogam Rabies-ht | Sanofi Pasteur Inc.
For wound infiltration and intramuscular administration only.
Inspect parenteral drug products visually for particulate matter and/or discoloration prior to administration, whenever solution and container permit. If either of these conditions exist, do not administer the product.
Use Imogam® Rabies – HT in conjunction with rabies vaccines such as Rabies Vaccine, Imovax® Rabies, for intramuscular immunization, a vaccine prepared from human diploid cell cultures. The recommended dose of Imogam® Rabies – HT is 20 IU/kg (0.133 mL/kg) or 9 IU/lb (0.06 mL/lb) of body weight administered at the time of the first vaccine dose. (3) (8) (9)
If anatomically feasible, use the full dose of Rabies Immune Globulin (Human) to thoroughly infiltrate the area around and into the wounds. Inject any remaining volume intramuscularly, using a separate needle, at a site distant from vaccine administration. (1) (10)
Never administer Rabies Immune Globulin (Human) in the same syringe or into the same anatomical site as rabies vaccine. Because Rabies Immune Globulin (Human) may partially suppress active production of antibody, do not give more than the recommended dose. (1) (11)
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