FDA records indicate that there are no current recalls for this drug.
Are you a medical professional?
Trending Topics
Indocyanine Green Recall
Get an alert when a recall is issued.
Questions & Answers
Side Effects & Adverse Reactions
Liver warning: This product contains acetaminophen. Severe liver damage may occur if you take:
- ■ more than 8 tablets in 24 hours, which is the maximum daily amount
- ■ with other drugs containing acetaminophen
- ■ 3 or more alcoholic drinks every day while using this product
- ■ with any other drug containing acetaminophen (prescription or nonprescription). If you are not sure whether a drug contains acetaminophen, ask a doctor or pharmacist.
- ■ for more than 10 days for pain unless directed by a doctor
- ■ for more than 3 days for fever unless directed by a doctor
- ■ if you are now taking a prescription monoamine oxidase inhibitor (MAOI) (certain drugs for depression, psychiatric or emotional conditions, or Parkinson's disease), or for 2 weeks after stopping the MAOI drug. If you do not know if your prescription drug contains an MAOI, ask a doctor or pharmacist before taking this product.
- ■ liver disease
- ■ thyroid disease
- ■ diabetes
- ■ high blood pressure
- ■ heart disease
- ■ difficulty in urination due to enlargement of the prostate gland
- ■ taking the blood thinning drug warfarin
- ■ symptoms do not improve within 7 days or are accompanied by a fever
- ■ pain or fever persists or gets worse
- ■ redness or swelling is present
- ■ any new symptoms appear
Do not exceed recommended dosage. If nervousness, dizziness or sleeplessness occurs, discontinue use and consult a doctor.
If pregnant or breast-feeding, ask a health professional before use.
In case of overdose, get medical help or contact a Poison Control Center right away. Prompt medical attention is critical for adults as well as for children even if you do not notice any signs or symptoms.
- ■ with any other drug containing acetaminophen (prescription or nonprescription). If you are not sure whether a drug contains acetaminophen, ask a doctor or pharmacist.
- ■ for more than 10 days for pain unless directed by a doctor
- ■ for more than 3 days for fever unless directed by a doctor
- ■ if you are now taking a prescription monoamine oxidase inhibitor (MAOI) (certain drugs for depression, psychiatric or emotional conditions, or Parkinson's disease), or for 2 weeks after stopping the MAOI drug. If you do not know if your prescription drug contains an MAOI, ask a doctor or pharmacist before taking this product.
- ■ liver disease
- ■ thyroid disease
- ■ diabetes
- ■ high blood pressure
- ■ heart disease
- ■ difficulty in urination due to enlargement of the prostate gland
- ■ taking the blood thinning drug warfarin
- ■ symptoms do not improve within 7 days or are accompanied by a fever
- ■ pain or fever persists or gets worse
- ■ redness or swelling is present
- ■ any new symptoms appear
Do not exceed recommended dosage. If nervousness, dizziness or sleeplessness occurs, discontinue use and consult a doctor.
If pregnant or breast-feeding, ask a health professional before use.
Legal Issues
There is currently no legal information available for this drug.
FDA Safety Alerts
There are currently no FDA safety alerts available for this drug.
Manufacturer Warnings
There is currently no manufacturer warning information available for this drug.
FDA Labeling Changes
There are currently no FDA labeling changes available for this drug.
Uses
Temporarily relieves nasal congestion due to
- ■ common cold
- ■ hay fever or other respiratory allergies
Temporarily
- ■ promotes nasal and/or sinus drainage; relieves sinus congestion and pressure
- ■ reduces fever
Temporarily relieves minor aches and pains associated with
- ■ headache
- ■ muscular aches
- ■ minor arthritis pain
- ■ common cold
- ■ toothache
- ■ menstrual cramps
History
There is currently no drug history available for this drug.
Other Information
There are no additional details available for this product.
Sources
Indocyanine Green Manufacturers
-
Pulsion Medical Systems Ag
Indocyanine Green | Unifirst First Aid Corporation
■ do not use more than directed
Adults and children: (12 years and older) Take 2 tablets every 4 to 6 hours. Do not take more than 8 tablets in 24 hours.
Children under 12 years: Do not give this adult strength product to children under 12 years of age; this will provide more than the recommended dose (overdose) and may cause liver damage.
-
Novadaq Technologies Inc.
Indocyanine Green | Novadaq Technologies Inc.
Indicator-Dilution Studies:Indocyanine Green permits recording of the indicator-dilution curves for both diagnostic and research purposes independently of fluctuations in oxygen saturation. In the performance of dye dilution curves, a known amount of dye is usually injected as a single bolus as rapidly as possible via a cardiac catheter into selected sites in the vascular system. A recording instrument (oximeter or densitometer) is attached to a needle or catheter for sampling of the dye-blood mixture from a systematic arterial sampling site.
Under sterile conditions, the Indocyanine Green for Injection USP powder should be dissolved with Sterile Water for Injection, USP, and the solution used within 6 hours after it is prepared. If a precipitate is present, discard the solution. The amount of solvent to be used can be calculated from the dosage form which follows. It is recommended that the syringe used for injection of the dye be rinsed with this diluent. Saline is used in all other parts of the catheterization procedure.
This matter of rinsing the dye syringe with distilled water may not be critical, since it is known that an amount of sodium chloride sufficient to make an isotonic solution may be added to dye that has first been dissolved in distilled water. This procedure has been used for constant-rate injection techniques without precipitation of the dye.
The usual doses of Indocyanine Green which have been used for dilution curves are as follows:
- Adults-5 mg - Children-2.5 mg - Infants-1.25 mgThese doses of the dye are usually injected in a 1-mL volume. An average of five dilution curves is required in the performance of a diagnostic cardiac catheterization. The total dose of dye injected should be kept below 2 mg/kg.
Calibrating Dye Curves:To quantitate the dilution curves, standard dilutions of Indocyanine Green in whole blood are made as follows: It is strongly recommended that the same dye that was used for the injections be used in the preparation of these standard dilutions. The most concentrated dye solution is made by accurately diluting 1 mL of the 5-mg/mL dye with 7 mL of distilled water. This concentration is then successively halved by diluting 4 mL of the previous concentration with 4 mL of distilled water. (If a 2.5 mg/mL concentration was used for the dilution curves, 1 mL of the 2.5 mg/mL dye is added to 3 mL of distilled water to make the most concentrated "standard' solution. This concentration is then successively halved by diluting 2. mL of the previous concentration with 2 mL of distilled water.) Then 0.2-mL portions (accurately measured from a calibrated syringe) of these dye solutions are added to 5-mL aliquots of the subject's blood, giving final concentrations of the dye in blood beginning with 24 mg/liter, approximately (actual concentration depends on the exact volume of dye added). This concentration is, of course, successively halved in the succeeding aliquots of the subject's blood. These aliquots of blood containing known amounts of dye, as well as a blank sample to which 0.2 mL of saline containing no dye has been added, are then passed through the detecting instrument and a calibration curve is constructed from the deflections recorded.
Hepatic Function Studies:Due to its absorption spectrum, changing concentrations of Indocyanine Green in the blood can be monitored by ear densitometry or by obtaining blood specimens at timed intervals. The technique for both methods is as follows. The patient should be studied in a fasting, basal state. The patient should be weighed and the dosage calculated on the basis of 0.5 mg/kg of body weight.
Under sterile conditions, the Indocyanine Green for Injection USP powder should be dissolved with Sterile Water for Injection, USP. Exactly 5 mL of Sterile Water for Injection, USP, should be added to the 25-mg vial, giving 5 mg of dye per mL of solution.
Inject the correct amount of dye into the lumen of an arm vein as rapidly as possible, without allowing the dye to escape outside the vein, (If the photometric method is used, prior to injecting Indocyanine Green, withdraw 6 mL of venous blood from the patient's arm for serum blank and standard curve construction, and through the same needle, inject the correct amount of dye.)
Ear Densitometry:Ear oximetry has also been used and makes it possible to monitor the appearance and disappearance of Indocyanine Green without the necessity of withdrawal and spectrophotometric analysis of blood samples for calibration. An ear densitometer which has a compensatory photo-electric cell to correct for changes in blood volume and hematocrit, and a detection photocell which registers levels has been described. This device permits simultaneous measurement of cardiac output, blood volume and hepatic clearance of Indocyanine Green* and was found to provide a reliable index of plasma removal kinetics after single injections or continuous infusions of Indocyanine Green. This technique was employed in newborn infants, healthy adults and in children and adults with liver disease. The normal subject has a removal rate of 18-24% per minute. Due to the absence of extra-hepatic removal, Indocyanine Green was found to be ideally suited for serial study of severe chronic liver disease and to provide a stable measurement of hepatic blood flow. In larger doses, Indocyanine Green has proven to be particularly valuable in detecting drug-induced alterations of hepatic function and in the detection of mild liver injury.
Using the ear densitometer, a dosage of 0.5 mg/kg in normal subjects gives the following clearance pattern.
*Dichromatic earpiece densitometer supplied by The Waters Company, Rochester, Minnesota.
Photometric Method Determination Using Percentage Retention of Dye:A typical curve obtained by plotting dye concentration versus optical density is shown opposite. Percent retention can be read from this plot.
If more accurate results are desired, a curve using the patient's blood and the vial of Indocyanine Green being used in the determination can be constructed as follows:
Take 6 mL of non-dye-containing venous blood from the patients arm. Place in a test tube and allow the blood to clot. The serum is separated by centrifugation. Pipette 1 ml. of the serum into a microcuvette. Add 1 lambda (λ) of the 5-mg/mL aqueous Indocyanine Green solution to the serum, giving a dilution of 5 mg/liter, the standard for 50% retention. (The addition of 2 lambda (λ) of the 5-mg/mL Indocyanine Green solution would give 100% retention; however, this concentration cannot be read on the spectrophotometer.) The optical density of this solution is read at 805 nm, using normal serum as the blank. Plot the 50% figure obtained in Step 4, and draw a line connecting this point with the zero coordinates. Percentage Retention:A single 20-minute sample (withdrawn from a vein in the opposite arm that injected) is allowed to clot, centrifuged, and its optical density is determined at 805 nm using the patients normal serum as the blank. Dye concentration is read from the curve above. A single 20-minute sample of serum in healthy subjects should contain no more than 4% of the initial concentration of the dye. The use of percentage retention is less accurate than percentage disappearance rate but provides reproducible results. Hemolysis does not interfere with a reading.
Determination Using Disappearance Rate of Dye:To calculate the percentage disappearance rate, obtain samples at 5, 10, 15 and 20 minutes after injecting the dye. Prepare the sample as in the previous section and measure the opticaI densities at 805 nm, using the patient's normal serum as the blank. The Indocyanine Green concentration in each timed specimen can be determined by using the concentration curve illustrated. Plot values on semilogarithmic paper.
Specimens containing Indocyanine Green should be read at the same temperature since its optical density is influenced by temperature variations.
Normal Values: Percentage disappearance rate in healthy subjects is 18-24% per minute. Normal biological half-time is 2.5-3.0 minutes.
Ophthalmic Angiography Studies:The excitation and emission spectra (Figure 1) and the absorption spectra (Figure 2) of Indocyanine Green make it useful in ophthalmic angiography. The peak. absorption and emission of Indocyanine Green lie in a region (800-850 nm) where transmission of energy by the pigment epithelium is more efficient than in the region of visible light energy. Indocyanine Green also has the property of being nearly 98% bound to blood protein, and therefore, excessive dye extravasation does not take place in the highly fenestrated choroidal vasculature. It is, therefore, useful in both absorption and fluorescence infrared angiography of the choroidal vasculature when using appropriate filters and film in a fundus camera.
Dosages up to 40 mg Indocyanine Green dye in 2 mL of Sterile Water for Injection, USP, have been found to give optimal angiograms, depending on the imaging equipment and technique used. The antecubital vein injected Indocyanine Green dye bolus should immediately be followed by a 5-mL bolus of normal saline.
Clinically, angiograms of uniformly good quality can be assured only after taking care to optimize the contributions of all possible factors, such as patient cooperation and dye injection. The foregoing injection regimen is designed to provide delivery of a spatially limited dye bolus of optimal concentration to the choroidal vasculature following intravenous injection.
-
Novadaq Technologies Inc.
Indocyanine Green | Novadaq Technologies Inc.
Indicator-Dilution Studies:Indocyanine Green permits recording of the indicator-dilution curves for both diagnostic and research purposes independently of fluctuations in oxygen saturation. In the performance of dye dilution curves, a known amount of dye is usually injected as a single bolus as rapidly as possible via a cardiac catheter into selected sites in the vascular system. A recording instrument (oximeter or densitometer) is attached to a needle or catheter for sampling of the dye-blood mixture from a systematic arterial sampling site.
Under sterile conditions, the Indocyanine Green for Injection USP powder should be dissolved with Sterile Water for Injection, USP, and the solution used within 6 hours after it is prepared. If a precipitate is present, discard the solution. The amount of solvent to be used can be calculated from the dosage form which follows. It is recommended that the syringe used for injection of the dye be rinsed with this diluent. Saline is used in all other parts of the catheterization procedure.
This matter of rinsing the dye syringe with distilled water may not be critical, since it is known that an amount of sodium chloride sufficient to make an isotonic solution may be added to dye that has first been dissolved in distilled water. This procedure has been used for constant-rate injection techniques without precipitation of the dye.
The usual doses of Indocyanine Green which have been used for dilution curves are as follows:
- Adults-5 mg - Children-2.5 mg - Infants-1.25 mgThese doses of the dye are usually injected in a 1-mL volume. An average of five dilution curves is required in the performance of a diagnostic cardiac catheterization. The total dose of dye injected should be kept below 2 mg/kg.
Calibrating Dye Curves:To quantitate the dilution curves, standard dilutions of Indocyanine Green in whole blood are made as follows: It is strongly recommended that the same dye that was used for the injections be used in the preparation of these standard dilutions. The most concentrated dye solution is made by accurately diluting 1 mL of the 5-mg/mL dye with 7 mL of distilled water. This concentration is then successively halved by diluting 4 mL of the previous concentration with 4 mL of distilled water. (If a 2.5 mg/mL concentration was used for the dilution curves, 1 mL of the 2.5 mg/mL dye is added to 3 mL of distilled water to make the most concentrated "standard' solution. This concentration is then successively halved by diluting 2. mL of the previous concentration with 2 mL of distilled water.) Then 0.2-mL portions (accurately measured from a calibrated syringe) of these dye solutions are added to 5-mL aliquots of the subject's blood, giving final concentrations of the dye in blood beginning with 24 mg/liter, approximately (actual concentration depends on the exact volume of dye added). This concentration is, of course, successively halved in the succeeding aliquots of the subject's blood. These aliquots of blood containing known amounts of dye, as well as a blank sample to which 0.2 mL of saline containing no dye has been added, are then passed through the detecting instrument and a calibration curve is constructed from the deflections recorded.
Hepatic Function Studies:Due to its absorption spectrum, changing concentrations of Indocyanine Green in the blood can be monitored by ear densitometry or by obtaining blood specimens at timed intervals. The technique for both methods is as follows. The patient should be studied in a fasting, basal state. The patient should be weighed and the dosage calculated on the basis of 0.5 mg/kg of body weight.
Under sterile conditions, the Indocyanine Green for Injection USP powder should be dissolved with Sterile Water for Injection, USP. Exactly 5 mL of Sterile Water for Injection, USP, should be added to the 25-mg vial, giving 5 mg of dye per mL of solution.
Inject the correct amount of dye into the lumen of an arm vein as rapidly as possible, without allowing the dye to escape outside the vein, (If the photometric method is used, prior to injecting Indocyanine Green, withdraw 6 mL of venous blood from the patient's arm for serum blank and standard curve construction, and through the same needle, inject the correct amount of dye.)
Ear Densitometry:Ear oximetry has also been used and makes it possible to monitor the appearance and disappearance of Indocyanine Green without the necessity of withdrawal and spectrophotometric analysis of blood samples for calibration. An ear densitometer which has a compensatory photo-electric cell to correct for changes in blood volume and hematocrit, and a detection photocell which registers levels has been described. This device permits simultaneous measurement of cardiac output, blood volume and hepatic clearance of Indocyanine Green* and was found to provide a reliable index of plasma removal kinetics after single injections or continuous infusions of Indocyanine Green. This technique was employed in newborn infants, healthy adults and in children and adults with liver disease. The normal subject has a removal rate of 18-24% per minute. Due to the absence of extra-hepatic removal, Indocyanine Green was found to be ideally suited for serial study of severe chronic liver disease and to provide a stable measurement of hepatic blood flow. In larger doses, Indocyanine Green has proven to be particularly valuable in detecting drug-induced alterations of hepatic function and in the detection of mild liver injury.
Using the ear densitometer, a dosage of 0.5 mg/kg in normal subjects gives the following clearance pattern.
*Dichromatic earpiece densitometer supplied by The Waters Company, Rochester, Minnesota.
Photometric Method Determination Using Percentage Retention of Dye:A typical curve obtained by plotting dye concentration versus optical density is shown opposite. Percent retention can be read from this plot.
If more accurate results are desired, a curve using the patient's blood and the vial of Indocyanine Green being used in the determination can be constructed as follows:
Take 6 mL of non-dye-containing venous blood from the patients arm. Place in a test tube and allow the blood to clot. The serum is separated by centrifugation. Pipette 1 ml. of the serum into a microcuvette. Add 1 lambda (λ) of the 5-mg/mL aqueous Indocyanine Green solution to the serum, giving a dilution of 5 mg/liter, the standard for 50% retention. (The addition of 2 lambda (λ) of the 5-mg/mL Indocyanine Green solution would give 100% retention; however, this concentration cannot be read on the spectrophotometer.) The optical density of this solution is read at 805 nm, using normal serum as the blank. Plot the 50% figure obtained in Step 4, and draw a line connecting this point with the zero coordinates. Percentage Retention:A single 20-minute sample (withdrawn from a vein in the opposite arm that injected) is allowed to clot, centrifuged, and its optical density is determined at 805 nm using the patients normal serum as the blank. Dye concentration is read from the curve above. A single 20-minute sample of serum in healthy subjects should contain no more than 4% of the initial concentration of the dye. The use of percentage retention is less accurate than percentage disappearance rate but provides reproducible results. Hemolysis does not interfere with a reading.
Determination Using Disappearance Rate of Dye:To calculate the percentage disappearance rate, obtain samples at 5, 10, 15 and 20 minutes after injecting the dye. Prepare the sample as in the previous section and measure the opticaI densities at 805 nm, using the patient's normal serum as the blank. The Indocyanine Green concentration in each timed specimen can be determined by using the concentration curve illustrated. Plot values on semilogarithmic paper.
Specimens containing Indocyanine Green should be read at the same temperature since its optical density is influenced by temperature variations.
Normal Values: Percentage disappearance rate in healthy subjects is 18-24% per minute. Normal biological half-time is 2.5-3.0 minutes.
Ophthalmic Angiography Studies:The excitation and emission spectra (Figure 1) and the absorption spectra (Figure 2) of Indocyanine Green make it useful in ophthalmic angiography. The peak. absorption and emission of Indocyanine Green lie in a region (800-850 nm) where transmission of energy by the pigment epithelium is more efficient than in the region of visible light energy. Indocyanine Green also has the property of being nearly 98% bound to blood protein, and therefore, excessive dye extravasation does not take place in the highly fenestrated choroidal vasculature. It is, therefore, useful in both absorption and fluorescence infrared angiography of the choroidal vasculature when using appropriate filters and film in a fundus camera.
Dosages up to 40 mg Indocyanine Green dye in 2 mL of Sterile Water for Injection, USP, have been found to give optimal angiograms, depending on the imaging equipment and technique used. The antecubital vein injected Indocyanine Green dye bolus should immediately be followed by a 5-mL bolus of normal saline.
Clinically, angiograms of uniformly good quality can be assured only after taking care to optimize the contributions of all possible factors, such as patient cooperation and dye injection. The foregoing injection regimen is designed to provide delivery of a spatially limited dye bolus of optimal concentration to the choroidal vasculature following intravenous injection.
-
Diagnostic Green Gmbh
Indocyanine Green | Diagnostic Green Gmbh
Indicator-Dilution StudiesIndocyanine Green permits recording of the indicator-dilution curves for both diagnostic and research purposes independently of fluctuations in oxygen saturation. In the performance of dye dilution curves, a known amount of dye is usually injected as a single bolus as rapidly as possible via a cardiac catheter into selected sites in the vascular system. A recording instrument (oximeter or densitometer) is attached to a needle or catheter for sampling of the dye-blood mixture from a systematic arterial sampling site.
Under sterile conditions, the Indocyanine Green for Injection USP powder should be dissolved with Sterile Water for Injection, USP, and the solution used within 6 hours after it is prepared. If a precipitate is present, discard the solution. The amount of solvent to be used can be calculated from the dosage form which follows. It is recommended that the syringe used for injection of the dye be rinsed with this diluent. Saline is used in all other parts of the catheterization procedure.
This matter of rinsing the dye syringe with distilled water may not be critical, since it is known that an amount of sodium chloride sufficient to make an isotonic solution may be added to dye that has first been dissolved in distilled water. This procedure has been used for constant-rate injection techniques without precipitation of the dye.
The usual doses of Indocyanine Green which have been used for dilution curves are as follows:
Adults—5 mg
Children—2.5 mg
Infants—1.25 mg
These doses of the dye are usually injected in a 1-mL volume. An average of five dilution curves is required in the performance of a diagnostic cardiac catheterization. The total dose of dye injected should be kept below 2 mg/kg.
Calibrating Dye CurvesTo quantitate the dilution curves, standard dilutions of Indocyanine Green in whole blood are made as follows: It is strongly recommended that the same dye that was used for the injections be used in the preparation of these standard dilutions. The most concentrated dye solution is made by accurately diluting 1 mL of the 5-mg/mL dye with 7 mL of distilled water. This concentration is then successively halved by diluting 4 mL of the previous concentration with 4 mL of distilled water. (If a 2.5 mg/mL concentration was used for the dilution curves, 1 mL of the 2.5 mg/mL dye is added to 3 mL of distilled water to make the most concentrated "standard" solution. This concentration is then successively halved by diluting 2 mL of the previous concentration with 2 mL of distilled water.) Then 0.2-mL portions (accurately measured from a calibrated syringe) of these dye solutions are added to 5-mL aliquots of the subject's blood, giving final concentrations of the dye in blood beginning with 24 mg/liter, approximately (actual concentration depends on the exact volume of dye added). This concentration is, of course, successively halved in the succeeding aliquots of the subject's blood. These aliquots of blood containing known amounts of dye, as well as a blank sample to which 0.2 mL of saline containing no dye has been added, are then passed through the detecting instrument and a calibration curve is constructed from the deflections recorded.
Hepatic Function StudiesDue to its absorption spectrum, changing concentrations of Indocyanine Green in the blood can be monitored by ear densitometry or by obtaining blood specimens at timed intervals. The technique for both methods is as follows.
The patient should be studied in a fasting, basal state. The patient should be weighed and the dosage calculated on the basis of 0.5 mg/kg of body weight.
Under sterile conditions, the Indocyanine Green for Injection USP powder should be dissolved with Sterile Water for Injection, USP. Exactly 5 mL of Sterile Water for Injection, USP, should be added to the 25-mg vial, giving 5 mg of dye per mL of solution.
Inject the correct amount of dye into the lumen of an arm vein as rapidly as possible, without allowing the dye to escape outside the vein. (If the photometric method is used, prior to injecting Indocyanine Green, withdraw 6 mL of venous blood from the patient's arm for serum blank and standard curve construction, and through the same needle, inject the correct amount of dye.)
Ear DensitometryEar oximetry has also been used and makes it possible to monitor the appearance and disappearance of Indocyanine Green without the necessity of withdrawal and spectrophotometric analysis of blood samples for calibration. An ear densitometer which has a compensatory photo-electric cell to correct for changes in blood volume and hematocrit, and a detection photocell which registers levels has been described. This device permits simultaneous measurement of cardiac output, blood volume and hepatic clearance of Indocyanine Green* and was found to provide a reliable index of plasma removal kinetics after single injections or continuous infusions of Indocyanine Green. This technique was employed in newborn infants, healthy adults and in children and adults with liver disease. The normal subject has a removal rate of 18-24% per minute. Due to the absence of extra-hepatic removal, Indocyanine Green was found to be ideally suited for serial study of severe chronic liver disease and to provide a stable measurement of hepatic blood flow. In larger doses, Indocyanine Green has proven to be particularly valuable in detecting drug-induced alterations of hepatic function and in the detection of mild liver injury.
Using the ear densitometer, a dosage of 0.5 mg/kg in normal subjects gives the following clearance pattern.
*Dichromatic earpiece densitometer supplied by The Waters Company, Rochester, Minnesota.
Photometric Method Determination Using Percentage Retention of DyeA typical curve obtained by plotting dye concentration versus optical density is shown opposite. Percent retention can be read from this plot.
If more accurate results are desired, a curve using the patient's blood and the vial of Indocyanine Green being used in the determination can be constructed as follows:
1. Take 6 mL of non-dye-containing venous blood from the patient's arm. Place in a test tube and allow the blood to clot. The serum is separated by centrifugation.
2. Pipette l mL of the serum into a microcuvette.
3. Add 1 lambda (λ) of the 5-mg/mL aqueous Indocyanine Green solution to the serum, giving a dilution of 5 mg/liter, the standard for 50% retention. (The addition of 2 lambda (λ) of the 5-mg/mL Indocyanine Green solution would give 100% retention; however, this concentration cannot be read on the spectrophotometer.)
4. The optical density of this solution is read at 805 nm, using normal serum as the blank.
5. Plot the 50% figure obtained in Step 4, and draw a line connecting this point with the zero coordinates.
Percentage RetentionA single 20-minute sample (withdrawn from a vein in the opposite arm to that injected) is allowed to clot, centrifuged, and its optical density is determined at 805 nm using the patient's normal serum as the blank. Dye concentration is read from the curve above. A single 20-minute sample of serum in healthy subjects should contain no more than 4% of the initial concentration of the dye. The use of percentage retention is less accurate than percentage disappearance rate but provides reproducible results. Hemolysis does not interfere with a reading.
Determination Using Disappearance Rate of DyeTo calculate the percentage disappearance rate, obtain samples at 5, 10, 15 and 20 minutes after injecting the dye. Prepare the sample as in the previous section and measure the optical densities at 805 nm, using the patient's normal serum as the blank. The Indocyanine Green concentration in each timed specimen can be determined by using the concentration curve illustrated. Plot values on semilogarithmic paper.
Specimens containing Indocyanine Green should be read at the same temperature since its optical density is influenced by temperature variations.
Normal Values: Percentage disappearance rate in healthy subjects is 18-24% per minute. Normal biological half-time is 2.5-3.0 minutes.
Ophthalmic Angiography StudiesThe excitation and emission spectra (Figure l) and the absorption spectra (Figure 2) of Indocyanine Green make it useful in ophthalmic angiography. The peak absorption and emission of Indocyanine Green lie in a region (800-850 nm) where transmission of energy by the pigment epithelium is more efficient than in the region of visible light energy. Indocyanine Green also has the property of being nearly 98% bound to blood protein, and therefore, excessive dye extravasation does not take place in the highly fenestrated choroidal vasculature. It is, therefore, useful in both absorption and fluorescence infrared angiography of the choroidal vasculature when using appropriate filters and film in a fundus camera.
Dosages up to 40 mg Indocyanine Green dye in 2 mL of Sterile Water for Injection, USP, have been found to give optimal angiograms, depending on the imaging equipment and technique used. The antecubital vein injected Indocyanine Green dye bolus should immediately be followed by a 5-mL bolus of normal saline.
Clinically, angiograms of uniformly good quality can be assured only after taking care to optimize the contributions of all possible factors, such as patient cooperation and dye injection. The foregoing injection regimen is designed to provide delivery of a spatially limited dye bolus of optimal concentration to the choroidal vasculature following intravenous injection.
Login To Your Free Account