Ketorolac Tromethamine

Ketorolac Tromethamine

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Questions & Answers

Side Effects & Adverse Reactions

(See also Boxed WARNING)

The total combined duration of use of oral ketorolac tromethamine and IV or IM dosing of ketorolac tromethamine is not to exceed 5 days in adults. Ketorolac tromethamine injection is not indicated for use in pediatric patients.

The most serious risks associated with ketorolac tromethamine are:

 

Ketorolac tromethamine is contraindicated in patients with previously documented peptic ulcers and/or GI bleeding. Ketorolac tromethamine can cause serious gastrointestinal (GI) adverse events including bleeding, ulceration and perforation, of the stomach, small intestine, or large intestine, which can be fatal. These serious adverse events can occur at any time, with or without warning symptoms, in patients treated with ketorolac tromethamine.

Only one in five patients who develop a serious upper GI adverse event on NSAID therapy is symptomatic. Minor upper gastrointestinal problems, such as dyspepsia, are common and may also occur at any time during NSAID therapy. The incidence and severity of gastrointestinal complications increases with increasing dose of, and duration of treatment with, ketorolac tromethamine. Do not use ketorolac tromethamine for more than five days. However, even short-term therapy is not without risk. In addition to past history of ulcer disease, other factors that increase the risk for GI bleeding in patients treated with NSAIDs include concomitant use of oral corticosteroids, or anticoagulants, longer duration of NSAID therapy, smoking, use of alcohol, older age, and poor general health status. Most spontaneous reports of fatal GI events are in elderly or debilitated patients and therefore, special care should be taken in treating this population.

To minimize the potential risk for an adverse GI event, the lowest effective dose should be used for the shortest possible duration. Patients and physicians should remain alert for signs and symptoms of GI ulceration and bleeding during NSAID therapy and promptly initiate additional evaluation and treatment if a serious GI adverse event is suspected. This should include discontinuation of ketorolac tromethamine until a serious GI adverse event is ruled out. For high risk patients, alternate therapies that do not involve NSAIDs should be considered. NSAIDs should be given with care to patients with a history of inflammatory bowel disease (ulcerative colitis, Crohn's disease) as their condition may be exacerbated.

 

Because prostaglandins play an important role in hemostasis and NSAIDs affect platelet aggregation as well, use of ketorolac tromethamine in patients who have coagulation disorders should be undertaken very cautiously, and those patients should be carefully monitored. Patients on therapeutic doses of anticoagulants (e.g., heparin or dicumarol derivatives) have an increased risk of bleeding complications if given ketorolac tromethamine concurrently; therefore, physicians should administer such concomitant therapy only extremely cautiously. The concurrent use of ketorolac tromethamine and therapy that affects hemostasis, including prophylactic low-dose heparin (2,500 to 5,000 units q12h), warfarin and dextrans have not been studied extensively, but may also be associated with an increased risk of bleeding. Until data from such studies are available, physicians should carefully weigh the benefits against the risks and use such concomitant therapy in these patients only extremely cautiously. Patients receiving therapy that affects hemostasis should be monitored closely.

In postmarketing experience, postoperative hematomas and other signs of wound bleeding have been reported in association with the peri-operative use of IV or IM dosing of ketorolac tromethamine. Therefore, peri-operative use of ketorolac tromethamine should be avoided and postoperative use be undertaken with caution when hemostasis is critical (see PRECAUTIONS).

 

Long-term administration of NSAIDs has resulted in renal papillary necrosis and other renal injury. Renal toxicity has also been seen in patients in whom renal prostaglandins have a compensatory role in the maintenance of renal perfusion. In these patients, administration of a NSAID may cause a dose-dependent reduction in prostaglandin formation and, secondarily, in renal blood flow, which may precipitate overt renal decompensation. Patients at greatest risk of this reaction are those with impaired renal function, heart failure, liver dysfunction, those taking diuretics and ACE inhibitors, and the elderly. Discontinuation of NSAID therapy is usually followed by recovery to the pretreatment state.

Ketorolac tromethamine and its metabolites are eliminated primarily by the kidneys, which, in patients with reduced creatinine clearance, will result in diminished clearance of the drug (see CLINICAL PHARMACOLOGY). Therefore, ketorolac tromethamine should be used with caution in patients with impaired renal function (see DOSAGE AND ADMINISTRATION) and such patients should be followed closely. With the use of ketorolac tromethamine, there have been reports of acute renal failure, interstitial nephritis and nephrotic syndrome.

 

Ketorolac tromethamine is contraindicated in patients with serum creatinine concentrations indicating advanced renal impairment (see CONTRAINDICATIONS). Ketorolac tromethamine should be used with caution in patients with impaired renal function or a history of kidney disease because it is a potent inhibitor of prostaglandin synthesis. Because patients with underlying renal insufficiency are at increased risk of developing acute renal decompensation or failure, the risks and benefits should be assessed prior to giving ketorolac tromethamine to these patients.

 

As with other NSAIDs, anaphylactoid reactions may occur in patients without known prior exposure to ketorolac tromethamine. Ketorolac tromethamine should not be given to patients with the aspirin triad. This symptom complex typically occurs in asthmatic patients who experience rhinitis with or without nasal polyps, or who exhibit severe, potentially fatal bronchospasm after taking aspirin or other NSAIDs (see CONTRAINDICATIONS and PRECAUTIONS: Preexisting Asthma). Emergency help should be sought in cases where an anaphylactoid reaction occurs.

 

Clinical trials of several COX-2 selective and nonselective NSAIDs of up to three years duration have shown an increased risk of serious cardiovascular (CV) thrombotic events, myocardial infarction, and stroke, which can be fatal. All NSAIDs, both COX-2 selective and nonselective, may have a similar risk. Patients with known CV disease or risk factors for CV disease may be at greater risk. To minimize the potential risk for an adverse CV event in patients treated with an NSAID, the lowest effective dose should be used for the shortest duration possible. Physicians and patients should remain alert for the development of such events, even in the absence of previous CV symptoms. Patients should be informed about the signs and/or symptoms of serious CV events and the steps to take if they occur.

There is no consistent evidence that concurrent use of aspirin mitigates the increased risk of serious CV thrombotic events associated with NSAID use. The concurrent use of aspirin and an NSAID does increase the risk of serious GI events (see Gastrointestinal Effects: Risk of Ulceration, Bleeding, and Perforation). Two large, controlled clinical trials of a COX-2 selective NSAID for the treatment of pain in the first 10 to 14 days following CABG surgery found an increased incidence of myocardial infarction and stroke (see CONTRAINDICATIONS).

 

NSAIDs, including ketorolac tromethamine, can lead to onset of new hypertension or worsening of pre-existing hypertension, either of which may contribute to the increased incidence of CV events. Patients taking thiazides or loop diuretics may have impaired response to these therapies when taking NSAIDs. NSAIDs, including ketorolac tromethamine, should be used with caution in patients with hypertension. Blood pressure (BP) should be monitored closely during the initiation of NSAID treatment and throughout the course of therapy.

 

Fluid retention, edema, retention of NaCl, oliguria, elevations of serum urea nitrogen and creatinine have been reported in clinical trials with ketorolac tromethamine. Therefore, ketorolac tromethamine should be used only very cautiously in patients with cardiac decompensation, hypertension or similar conditions.

 

NSAIDs, including ketorolac tromethamine, can cause serious skin adverse events such as exfoliative dermatitis, Stevens-Johnson Syndrome (SJS), and toxic epidermal necrolysis (TEN), which can be fatal. These serious events may occur without warning. Patients should be informed about the signs and symptoms of serious skin manifestations and use of the drug should be discontinued at the first appearance of skin rash or any other sign of hypersensitivity.

 

In late pregnancy, as with other NSAIDs, ketorolac tromethamine should be avoided because it may cause premature closure of the ductus arteriosus.

 

Legal Issues

There is currently no legal information available for this drug.

FDA Safety Alerts

There are currently no FDA safety alerts available for this drug.

Manufacturer Warnings

There is currently no manufacturer warning information available for this drug.

FDA Labeling Changes

There are currently no FDA labeling changes available for this drug.

Uses

Carefully consider the potential benefits and risks ketorolac tromethamine injection and other treatment options before deciding to use ketorolac. Use the lowest effective dose for the shortest duration consistent with individual patient treatment goals (see WARNINGS).

 

Ketorolac tromethamine injection is indicated for the short-term (≤5 days) management of moderately severe acute pain that requires analgesia at the opioid level, usually in a postoperative setting. Therapy should always be initiated with IV or IM dosing of ketorolac tromethamine injection, and oral ketorolac tromethamine is to be used only as continuation treatment, if necessary.

The total combined duration of use of ketorolac tromethamine injection and oral ketorolac tromethamine is not to exceed 5 days of use because of the potential of increasing the frequency and severity of adverse reactions associated with the recommended doses (see WARNINGS, PRECAUTIONS, DOSAGE AND ADMINISTRATION, and ADVERSE REACTIONS). Patients should be switched to alternative analgesics as soon as possible, but ketorolac tromethamine therapy is not to exceed 5 days.

Ketorolac tromethamine injection has been used concomitantly with morphine and meperidine and has shown an opioidsparing effect. For breakthrough pain, it is recommended to supplement the lower end of the ketorolac tromethamine injection dosage range with low doses of narcotics prn, unless otherwise contraindicated. Ketorolac tromethamine injection and narcotics should not be administered in the same syringe (see DOSAGE AND ADMINISTRATION: Pharmaceutical Information for Ketorolac Tromethamine Injection).

 

History

There is currently no drug history available for this drug.

Other Information

Ketorolac tromethamine is a member of the pyrrolo-pyrrole group of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs). The chemical name for ketorolac tromethamine is (±)-5-benzoyl-2,3-dihydro-1H-pyrrolizine-1-carboxylic acid, compound with 2-amino-2-(hydroxymethyl)-1,3-propanediol (1:1), and the structural formula is below:

MM1

Ketorolac tromethamine, USP is a white to off-white, crystalline powder and is a racemic mixture of [-]S and [+]R ketorolac tromethamine. Ketorolac tromethamine may exist in three crystal forms. All forms are equally soluble in water. Ketorolac tromethamine has a pKa of 3.5 and an n-octanol/water partition coefficient of 0.26. The molecular weight of ketorolac tromethamine is 376.40.

Ketorolac Tromethamine Injection, USP is available for intravenous (IV) or intramuscular (IM) administration as: 15 mg in 1 mL (1.5%) and 30 mg in 1 mL (3%) in sterile solution and 60 mg in 2 mL (3%) of ketorolac tromethamine in sterile solution is available for IM administration only. The solutions contain 10% (w/v) alcohol, USP, and 6.68 mg, 4.35 mg and 8.70 mg respectively, of sodium chloride in sterile water. The pH range is 6.9 to 7.9 and is adjusted with sodium hydroxide and/or hydrochloric acid. The sterile solutions are clear and slightly yellow in color.

 

Ketorolac Tromethamine Manufacturers


  • Remedyrepack Inc.
    Ketorolac Tromethamine Injection, Solution [Remedyrepack Inc. ]
  • Remedyrepack Inc.
    Ketorolac Tromethamine Injection, Solution [Remedyrepack Inc. ]
  • Blenheim Pharmacal, Inc.
    Ketorolac Tromethamine Tablet, Film Coated [Blenheim Pharmacal, Inc.]
  • Direct Rx
    Ketorolac Tromethamine Tablet, Film Coated [Direct Rx]
  • Fresenius Kabi Usa, Llc
    Ketorolac Tromethamine Injection, Solution [Fresenius Kabi Usa, Llc]
  • Mckesson Packaging Services Business Unit Of Mckesson Corporation
    Ketorolac Tromethamine Injection, Solution [Mckesson Packaging Services Business Unit Of Mckesson Corporation]
  • Baxter Healthcare Corporation
    Ketorolac Tromethamine Injection, Solution [Baxter Healthcare Corporation]
  • Keltman Pharmaceuticals Inc.
    Ketorolac Tromethamine Tablet, Film Coated [Keltman Pharmaceuticals Inc.]
  • Lake Erie Medical Dba Quality Care Products Llc
    Ketorolac Tromethamine Tablet, Film Coated [Lake Erie Medical Dba Quality Care Products Llc]
  • Rebel Distributors Corp
    Ketorolac Tromethamine Injection, Solution [Rebel Distributors Corp]
  • Physicians Total Care, Inc.
    Ketorolac Tromethamine Tablet, Film Coated [Physicians Total Care, Inc.]
  • Remedyrepack Inc.
    Ketorolac Tromethamine Tablet [Remedyrepack Inc. ]
  • Pd-rx Pharmaceuticals, Inc.
    Ketorolac Tromethamine Tablet, Film Coated [Pd-rx Pharmaceuticals, Inc.]
  • Rebel Distributors Corp
    Ketorolac Tromethamine Tablet, Film Coated [Rebel Distributors Corp]
  • Preferred Pharmaceuticals, Inc
    Ketorolac Tromethamine Tablet, Film Coated [Preferred Pharmaceuticals, Inc]
  • H.j. Harkins Company, Inc.
    Ketorolac Tromethamine Tablet, Film Coated [H.j. Harkins Company, Inc.]
  • Wockhardt Limited
    Ketorolac Tromethamine Injection [Wockhardt Limited]
  • Wockhardt Usa Llc
    Ketorolac Tromethamine Injection [Wockhardt Usa Llc]
  • Physicians Total Care, Inc.
    Ketorolac Tromethamine Injection [Physicians Total Care, Inc.]
  • Remedyrepack Inc.
    Ketorolac Tromethamine Tablet [Remedyrepack Inc. ]
  • Pd-rx Pharmaceuticals, Inc.
    Ketorolac Tromethamine Tablet, Film Coated [Pd-rx Pharmaceuticals, Inc.]
  • General Injectables & Vaccines, Inc
    Ketorolac Tromethamine Injection, Solution [General Injectables & Vaccines, Inc]
  • Unit Dose Services
    Ketorolac Tromethamine Tablet, Film Coated [Unit Dose Services]
  • Lake Erie Medical & Surgical Supply Dba Quality Care Products Llc
    Ketorolac Tromethamine Tablet, Film Coated [Lake Erie Medical & Surgical Supply Dba Quality Care Products Llc]
  • Pfizer Laboratories Div Pfizer Inc
    Ketorolac Tromethamine Injection [Pfizer Laboratories Div Pfizer Inc]
  • West-ward Pharmaceutical Corp.
    Ketorolac Tromethamine Injection [West-ward Pharmaceutical Corp.]
  • Bryant Ranch Prepack
    Ketorolac Tromethamine Tablet, Film Coated [Bryant Ranch Prepack]
  • Remedyrepack Inc.
    Ketorolac Tromethamine (Ketorolac Tromethamine ) Tablet [Remedyrepack Inc. ]
  • Fresenius Kabi Usa, Llc
    Ketorolac Tromethamine Injection Ketorolac Tromethamine Injection, Solution [Fresenius Kabi Usa, Llc]
  • Cardinal Health
    Ketorolac Tromethamine Injection, Solution [Cardinal Health]
  • Cardinal Health
    Ketorolac Tromethamine Injection, Solution [Cardinal Health]
  • Cardinal Health
    Ketorolac Tromethamine Injection, Solution [Cardinal Health]
  • Mylan Pharmaceuticals Inc.
    Ketorolac Tromethamine Tablet, Film Coated [Mylan Pharmaceuticals Inc.]
  • Remedyrepack Inc.
    Ketorolac Tromethamine Injection [Remedyrepack Inc. ]
  • Remedyrepack Inc.
    Ketorolac Tromethamine Injection [Remedyrepack Inc. ]
  • Remedyrepack Inc.
    Ketorolac Tromethamine Injection [Remedyrepack Inc. ]
  • Remedyrepack Inc.
    Ketorolac Tromethamine Injection [Remedyrepack Inc. ]
  • Cardinal Health
    Ketorolac Tromethamine Injection, Solution [Cardinal Health]
  • General Injectables & Vaccines, Inc
    Ketorolac Tromethamine Injection, Solution [General Injectables & Vaccines, Inc]
  • Remedyrepack Inc.
    Ketorolac Tromethamine Injection [Remedyrepack Inc. ]
  • Remedyrepack Inc.
    Ketorolac Tromethamine Injection [Remedyrepack Inc. ]
  • Remedyrepack Inc.
    Ketorolac Tromethamine Injection [Remedyrepack Inc. ]
  • Remedyrepack Inc.
    Ketorolac Tromethamine Injection [Remedyrepack Inc. ]
  • Remedyrepack Inc.
    Ketorolac Tromethamine Injection [Remedyrepack Inc. ]
  • Remedyrepack Inc.
    Ketorolac Tromethamine Tablet [Remedyrepack Inc. ]
  • Clinical Solutions Wholesale
    Ketorolac Tromethamine Tablet, Film Coated [Clinical Solutions Wholesale]
  • Remedyrepack Inc.
    Ketorolac Tromethamine Tablet [Remedyrepack Inc. ]
  • Remedyrepack Inc.
    Ketorolac Tromethamine Injection [Remedyrepack Inc. ]
  • Aidarex Pharmaceuticals Llc
    Ketorolac Tromethamine Tablet, Film Coated [Aidarex Pharmaceuticals Llc]
  • Apotheca, Inc
    Ketorolac Tromethamine Tablet [Apotheca, Inc]
  • Teva Pharmaceuticals Usa Inc
    Ketorolac Tromethamine Tablet, Film Coated [Teva Pharmaceuticals Usa Inc]
  • Hospira, Inc.
    Ketorolac Tromethamine Injection, Solution [Hospira, Inc.]
  • Hospira, Inc.
    Ketorolac Tromethamine Injection, Solution [Hospira, Inc.]
  • Hospira, Inc.
    Ketorolac Tromethamine Injection, Solution [Hospira, Inc.]
  • Hospira, Inc.
    Ketorolac Tromethamine Injection, Solution [Hospira, Inc.]
  • Hospira, Inc.
    Ketorolac Tromethamine Injection, Solution [Hospira, Inc.]
  • Remedyrepack Inc.
    Ketorolac Tromethamine Injection [Remedyrepack Inc. ]
  • Readymeds
    Ketorolac Tromethamine Tablet, Film Coated [Readymeds]
  • Proficient Rx Lp
    Ketorolac Tromethamine Tablet, Film Coated [Proficient Rx Lp]
  • Northwind Pharmaceuticals, Llc
    Ketorolac Tromethamine Tablet, Film Coated [Northwind Pharmaceuticals, Llc]
  • Agila Specialties Private Limited
    Ketorolac Tromethamine Injection [Agila Specialties Private Limited]
  • Cardinal Health
    Ketorolac Tromethamine Injection, Solution [Cardinal Health]
  • Carilion Materials Management
    Ketorolac Tromethamine Tablet, Film Coated [Carilion Materials Management]
  • Sagent Pharmaceuticals
    Ketorolac Tromethamine Injection, Solution [Sagent Pharmaceuticals]
  • Cardinal Health
    Ketorolac Tromethamine Tablet, Film Coated [Cardinal Health]
  • Cardinal Health
    Ketorolac Tromethamine Injection, Solution [Cardinal Health]

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