Tramadol Er
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Questions & Answers
Side Effects & Adverse Reactions
WARNINGS
Seizure Risk
Seizures have been reported in patients receiving tramadol within the recommended dosage range. Spontaneous post-marketing reports indicate that seizure risk is increased with doses of tramadol above the recommended range. Concomitant use of tramadol increases the seizure risk in patients taking:
- Selective serotonin re-uptake inhibitors (SSRI antidepressants or anorectics),
- Tricyclic antidepressants (TCAs), and other tricyclic compounds (e.g., cyclobenzaprine, promethazine, etc.), or
- Other opioids.
Administration of tramadol may enhance the seizure risk in patients taking:
- MAO inhibitors (see also WARNINGS - Use with MAO Inhibitors and Serotonin Re-uptake Inhibitors),
- Neuroleptics, or
- Other drugs that reduce the seizure threshold.
Risk of convulsions may also increase in patients with epilepsy, those with a history of seizures, or in patients with a recognized risk for seizure (such as head trauma, metabolic disorders, alcohol and drug withdrawal, CNS infections). In tramadol overdose, naloxone administration may increase the risk of seizure.
Suicide Risk
- Do not prescribe tramadol hydrochloride ER tablets for patients who are suicidal or addiction-prone.
- Prescribe tramadol hydrochloride ER tablets with caution for patients taking tranquilizers or antidepressant drugs and patients who use alcohol in excess.
- Tell your patients not to exceed the recommended dose and to limit their intake of alcohol.
Serotonin Syndrome Risk
The development of a potentially life-threatening serotonin syndrome may occur with use of tramadol products, including tramadol hydrochloride ER tablets, particularly with concomitant use of serotonergic drugs such as SSRIs, SNRIs, TCAs, MAOIs and triptans, with drugs which impair metabolism of serotonin (including MAOIs) and with drugs which impair metabolism of tramadol (CYP2D6 and CYP3A4 inhibitors). This may occur within the recommended dose. (See CLINICAL PHARMACOLOGY—Pharmacokinetics).
Serotonin syndrome may include mental-status changes (e.g., agitation, hallucinations, coma), autonomic instability (e.g., tachycardia, labile blood pressure, hyperthermia), neuromuscular aberrations (e.g., hyperreflexia, incoordination) and/or gastrointestinal symptoms (e.g., nausea, vomiting, diarrhea).
Tramadol products in excessive doses, either alone or in combination with other CNS depressants, including alcohol, are a major cause of drug-related deaths. Fatalities within the first hour of overdosage are not uncommon. Tramadol should not be taken in doses higher than those recommended by the physician. The judicious prescribing of tramadol is essential to the safe use of this drug. With patients who are depressed or suicidal, consideration should be given to the use of non-narcotic analgesics. Patients should be cautioned about the concomitant use of tramadol products and alcohol because of potentially serious CNS-additive effects of these agents. Because of its added depressant effects, tramadol should be prescribed with caution for those patients whose medical condition requires the concomitant administration of sedatives, tranquilizers, muscle relaxants, antidepressants, or other CNS-depressant drugs. Patients should be advised of the additive depressant effects of these combinations.
Many of the tramadol-related deaths have occurred in patients with previous histories of emotional disturbances or suicidal ideation or attempts as well as histories of misuse of tranquilizers, alcohol, and other CNS-active drugs. Some deaths have occurred as a consequence of the accidental ingestion of excessive quantities of tramadol alone or in combination with other drugs. Patients taking tramadol should be warned not to exceed the dose recommended by their physician.
Anaphylactoid ReactionsSerious and rarely fatal anaphylactoid reactions have been reported in patients receiving therapy with tramadol. When these events do occur it is often following the first dose. Other reported allergic reactions include pruritus, hives, bronchospasm, angioedema, toxic epidermal necrolysis and Stevens-Johnson syndrome. Patients with a history of anaphylactoid reactions to codeine and other opioids may be at increased risk and therefore should not receive tramadol hydrochloride ER tablets (see CONTRAINDICATIONS).
Respiratory DepressionAdminister tramadol hydrochloride ER tablets cautiously in patients at risk for respiratory depression. In these patients alternative non-opioid analgesics should be considered. When large doses of tramadol are administered with anesthetic medications or alcohol, respiratory depression may result. Respiratory depression should be treated as an overdose. If naloxone is to be administered, use cautiously because it may precipitate seizures (see WARNINGS - Seizure Risk and OVERDOSAGE).
Interaction With Central Nervous System (CNS) DepressantsTramadol hydrochloride ER tablets should be used with caution and in reduced dosages when administered to patients receiving CNS depressants such as alcohol, opioids, anesthetic agents, narcotics, phenothiazines, tranquilizers or sedative hypnotics. Tramadol hydrochloride ER tablets increases the risk of CNS and respiratory depression in these patients.
Increased Intracranial Pressure or Head TraumaTramadol hydrochloride ER tablets should be used with caution in patients with increased intracranial pressure or head injury. The respiratory depressant effects of opioids include carbon dioxide retention and secondary elevation of cerebrospinal fluid pressure, and may be markedly exaggerated in these patients. Additionally, pupillary changes (miosis) from tramadol may obscure the existence, extent, or course of intracranial pathology. Clinicians should also maintain a high index of suspicion for adverse drug reaction when evaluating altered mental status in these patients if they are receiving tramadol hydrochloride ER tablets. (See WARNINGS - Respiratory Depression.)
Use in Ambulatory PatientsTramadol hydrochloride ER tablets may impair the mental and or physical abilities required for the performance of potentially hazardous tasks such as driving a car or operating machinery. The patient using this drug should be cautioned accordingly.
Use With MAO Inhibitors and Serotonin Re-uptake InhibitorsUse tramadol hydrochloride ER tablets with great caution in patients taking monoamine oxidase inhibitors. Animal studies have shown increased deaths with combined administration. Concomitant use of tramadol hydrochloride ER tablets with MAO inhibitors or SSRIs increases the risk of adverse events, including seizure and serotonin syndrome.
WithdrawalWithdrawal symptoms may occur if tramadol hydrochloride ER tablets are discontinued abruptly. These symptoms may include: anxiety, sweating, insomnia, rigors, pain, nausea, tremors, diarrhea, upper respiratory symptoms, piloerection, and rarely hallucinations. Clinical experience suggests that withdrawal symptoms may be reduced by tapering tramadol hydrochloride ER tablets.
Misuse, Abuse and Diversion of OpioidsTramadol is an opioid agonist of the morphine-type. Such drugs are sought by drug abusers and people with addiction disorders and are subject to criminal diversion.
Tramadol can be abused in a manner similar to other opioid agonists, legal or illicit. This should be considered when prescribing or dispensing tramadol hydrochloride ER tablets in situations where the physician or pharmacist is concerned about an increased risk of misuse, abuse, or diversion.
Tramadol hydrochloride ER tablets could be abused by crushing, chewing, snorting, or injecting the dissolved product. These practices will result in the uncontrolled delivery of the opioid and pose a significant risk to the abuser that could result in overdose and death (see WARNINGS and DRUG ABUSE AND ADDICTION).
Concerns about abuse, addiction, and diversion should not prevent the proper management of pain. The development of addiction to opioid analgesics in properly managed patients with pain has been reported to be rare. However, data are not available to establish the true incidence of addiction in chronic pain patients.
Healthcare professionals should contact their State Professional Licensing Board, or State Controlled Substances Authority for information on how to prevent and detect abuse or diversion of this product.
Interactions with Alcohol and Drugs of AbuseTramadol may be expected to have additive effects when used in conjunction with alcohol, other opioids, or illicit drugs that cause central nervous system depression.
Legal Issues
There is currently no legal information available for this drug.
FDA Safety Alerts
There are currently no FDA safety alerts available for this drug.
Manufacturer Warnings
There is currently no manufacturer warning information available for this drug.
FDA Labeling Changes
There are currently no FDA labeling changes available for this drug.
Uses
INDICATIONS AND USAGE
Tramadol hydrochloride ER tablets are indicated for the management of moderate to moderately severe chronic pain in adults who require around-the-clock treatment of their pain for an extended period of time
History
There is currently no drug history available for this drug.
Other Information
DESCRIPTION
Tramadol hydrochloride is a centrally acting synthetic analgesic in an extended-release formulation. The chemical name is (±) cis-2-[(dimethylamino)methyl]-1-(3-methoxyphenyl) cyclohexanol hydrochloride. Its structural formula is:
The molecular weight of tramadol hydrochloride is 299.8. It is a white, bitter, crystalline and odorless powder that is readily soluble in water and ethanol and has a pKa of 9.41. The n-octanol/water log partition coefficient (logP) is 1.35 at pH 7. Tramadol hydrochloride Extended-Release (ER) tablets contain 100 mg or 200 mg of tramadol hydrochloride in an extended-release formulation. The tablets are white to off-white in color and contain the inactive ingredients colloidal silicone dioxide, dibutyl sebacate, ethylcellulose, magnesium stearate, polyvinyl alcohol, povidone K-90, and an imprinting agent, Opacode S-1-17823 black, which contains the following ingredients: shellac, iron oxide black, isopropyl alcohol, n-butyl alcohol, propylene glycol, and ammonium hydroxide.
Sources
Tramadol Er Manufacturers
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Stat Rx Usa
![Tramadol Er Tablet, Extended Release [Stat Rx Usa]](/wp-content/themes/bootstrap/assets/img/loading2.gif)
Tramadol Er | Stat Rx Usa
DOSAGE AND ADMINISTRATIONTramadol hydrochloride ER tablets should not be used in patients with:
creatinine clearance less than 30 mL/min, severe hepatic impairment (Child-Pugh Class C)(See PRECAUTIONS - Use in Renal and Hepatic Disease.)
Tramadol hydrochloride ER tablets must be swallowed whole and must not be chewed, crushed, or split (see WARNINGS - Misuse, Abuse and Diversion of Opioids and DRUG ABUSE AND ADDICTION).
Adults (18 years of age and over) Patients Not Currently on Tramadol Immediate-Release ProductsFor patients not currently treated with tramadol immediate-release (IR) products, tramadol hydrochloride ER tablets should be initiated at a dose of 100 mg once daily and titrated up as necessary by 100 mg increments every five days for relief of pain and depending upon tolerability. Tramadol hydrochloride ER tablets should not be administered at a dose exceeding 300 mg per day.
Patients Currently on Tramadol Immediate-Release ProductsFor patients maintained on tramadol IR products, calculate the 24 hour tramadol IR dose and initiate a total daily dose of tramadol hydrochloride ER tablets rounded down to the next lowest 100 mg increment. The dose may subsequently be individualized according to patient need. Due to limitations in flexibility of dose selection with tramadol hydrochloride ER tablets, some patients maintained on tramadol IR products may not be able to convert tramadol hydrochloride ER tablets. Tramadol hydrochloride ER tablets should not be administered at a dose exceeding 300 mg per day. The concomitant use of tramadol hydrochloride ER tablets with other tramadol products is not recommended (see WARNINGS).
Individualization of DoseGood pain management practice dictates that the dose be individualized according to patient need using the lowest beneficial dose. Start at the lowest possible dose and titrate upward as tolerated to achieve an adequate effect. Clinical studies of tramadol hydrochloride ER tablets have not demonstrated a clinical benefit at a total daily dose exceeding 300 mg.
In general, dosing of an elderly patient (over 65 years of age) should be initiated cautiously, usually starting at the low end of the dosing range, reflecting the greater frequency of decreased hepatic, renal or cardiac function and of concomitant disease or other drug therapy. Tramadol hydrochloride ER tablets should be administered with even greater caution in patients over 75 years, due to the greater frequency of adverse events seen in this population.
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