Viceton
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Side Effects & Adverse Reactions
WARNING:
NOT FOR USE IN ANIMALS WHICH ARE RAISED FOR FOOD PRODUCTION. CHLORAMPHENICOL PRODUCTS SHOULD NOT BE ADMINISTERED IN CONJUNCTION WITH OR 2 HOURS PRIOR TO THE INDUCTION OF GENERAL ANESTHESIA WITH PENTOBARBITAL BECAUSE OF PROLONGED RECOVERY.
CHLORAMPENICOL SHOULD NOT BE ADMINISTERED TO DOGS MAINTAINED FOR BREEDING PURPOSES. SOME EXPERIMENTS INDICATE THAT CHLORAMPENICOL CAUSES IN EXPERIMENTAL ANIMALS, PARTICULARLY IN FEMALES, SIGNIFICANT DISORDERS IN MORPHOLOGY AS WELL AS IN FUNCTION OF THE GONADS.
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Manufacturer Warnings
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FDA Labeling Changes
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Uses
INDICATIONS:
Chloramphenicol Tablets are recommended for oral treatment of the following conditions in dogs:
- Bacterial pulmonary infections caused by susceptible microorganisms such as: Staphylococcus aureus, Stretococcus pyogenes and Brucella bronchiseptica.
- Infections of the urinary tract caused by susceptible microorganisms such as: Escherichia coli, Proteus vulgaris, Corynebacterium renale, Stretococcus spp., and hemolytic Staphylococcus.
- Enteritis caused by susceptible microorganisms such as: E. coli, Proteus spp., Salmonella spp., and Pseudomonas spp.
- Infections associated with canine distemper caused by susceptible microorganims such as: B. bronchiseptica, E. coli, P. aeruginosa, Proteus spp., Shigella spp. and Neisseria catarrhalis.
Laboratory tests should be conducted including in vitro culturing and susceptibility tests on samples collected prior to treatement.
History
There is currently no drug history available for this drug.
Other Information
DESCRIPTION:
Chloramphenicol is a broad-spectrum antibiotic shown to have specific therapeutic activity against a wide variety of organisms. Its activity was first demonstrated in culture filtrates from a species of soil organism collected in Venezuela, later designated as Streptomyces venezuelae. The antibiotic was subsequently isolated from culture filtrates (1), identified chemically (2), and later synthesized (3).
Aqueous solutions of chloramphenicol are neutral in pH. Chloramphenicol is stable for several years at room temperature and forms colorless to yellowish-white crystals in the shape of elongated plates or fine needles. It is only slightly soluble in water, but soluble in alcohol and propylene gylcol.
Chloramphenicol is exceptionally stable in the presence of high pH, although it is destroyed at pH's in excess of 10. Dissolved in distilled water, it can withstand boiling for five hours (1).
ACTIONS:
At low concentrations, chloramphenicol exerts a bacteriostatic effect on a wide range of pathogenic organisms, including many Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, spirochetes, several rickettsia and certain large viruses and Mycoplasma (PPLO) (4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11,12,13, and 13a). At high concentrations, it inhibits growth of animal and plant cells.
Chloramphenicol exerts its bacteriostatic action by inhibiting protein synthesis in susceptible organisms. Complete suppression of the assimilation of ammonia and of the incorporation of amino acids, particularly glutamic acid, together with an increased formation of ribonucleic acid (RNA), lead to an inhibition of bacterial growth (4, 14, 15, 16, and 17).
Chloramphenicol antagonizes the action of such antibiotics as penicillin and streptomycin, which act only on growing cells, but is synergistic to tetracycline, which also acts by inhibiting protein synthesis. (18) It is possible the chloramphenicol would produce siimilar synergism with other antibiotics which act by inhibiting protein synthesis.
In this respect, the experimentally demonstrated synergistic action between chloramphenicol and gamma-globulin should be mentioned. Clinical observations in man and corresponding investigations in laboratory animals experimentally infected with various pathogenic bacteria have shown that a combination of chloramphenicol with gamma-globulin or specific antisera has a greater therapeutic effect than would be expected from a mere addition of the individual effects (19,20, 21, and 22).
Many experiments have revealed that the development of resistance to chloramphenicol is rare compared with that occurring with other important antibiotics. (23,24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33, and 34) Bacterial resistance may develop in some strains against chloramphenicol but has been encountered only infrequently in clinical usage.
Chloramphenicol achieves maximum serum levels very rapidly following oral, intravenous and intraperitoneal administration. Intramuscular injuection with chloramphenicol, except certain soluble forms, results in a somewhat delayed absorption and lower serum levels that when given by the oral, intravenous, or intraperitoneal route.
Chloramphenicol diffuses readily into all body tissues, but at different concentrations. Highest concentrations are found in the liver and kidney of dogs indicating that these organs are the main route of inactivation and excretion of the metabolites. The lungs, spleen, heart and skeletal muscles contain concentrations similar to that of the blood (27, 35, 36, 37, 38, and 39).
Chloramphenicol reaches significant concentration in the aqueous and vitreous humors of the eye from the blood (4).
A significant difference from other antibiotics is its marked ability to diffuse into the cerebrospinal fluid. Within three to four hours after administration, the concentration in the cerebrospinal fluid has reached, on the average, 50% of the concentration in the serum. If the meninges are inflamed, the percentage may be even higher (4, 27, 29, 40, 41, 42, and 43).
Chloramphenicol diffuses readily into milk, pleural and ascitic fluids and crosses the placenta attaining concentrations of about 75% of that of the maternal blood (36 and 44).
Chloramphenicol is rather rapidly metabolized, mainly in the liver, by conjugation with glucuronic acid.
Approximately 55% of a single daily dose can be recovered from the urine of a treated dog. A small fraction of this is in the form of unchanged chloramphenicol (36).
A single intravenous dose of 150 mg/kg (approximately 68 mg/lb) in propyene glycol is the maximum dose tolerated by the dog. (45) No toxic effect was observed when dogs were administered orally, 200 mg/kg (approximately 91 mg/lb) daily for over four months. (40) In the mouse, the LD-50 is 150-250 mg/kg (68 to 114 mg/lb) body weight by intravenous injection and 1,500 mg/kg (approximately 681 mg/lb) by the oral administration (1 and 46).
Sources
Viceton Manufacturers
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Osborn
![Viceton (Chloramphenicol) Tablet, Coated [Osborn ]](/wp-content/themes/bootstrap/assets/img/loading2.gif)
Viceton | Solco Healthcare Us Llc
Carvedilol Tablet should be taken with food to slow the rate of absorption and reduce the incidence of orthostatic effects.
2.2 Left Ventricular Dysfunction Following Myocardial InfarctionDOSAGE MUST BE INDIVIDUALIZED AND MONITORED DURING UP-TITRATION. Treatment with Carvedilol Tablet may be started as an inpatient or outpatient and should be started after the patient is hemodynamically stable and fluid retention has been minimized. It is recommended that Carvedilol Tablets be started at 6.25 mg twice daily and increased after 3 to 10 days, based on tolerability, to 12.5 mg twice daily, then again to the target dose of 25 mg twice daily. A lower starting dose may be used (3.125 mg twice daily) and/or the rate of up-titration may be slowed if clinically indicated (e.g., due to low blood pressure or heart rate, or fluid retention). Patients should be maintained on lower doses if higher doses are not tolerated. The recommended dosing regimen need not be altered in patients who received treatment with an IV or oral β-blocker during the acute phase of the myocardial infarction.
2.3 HypertensionDOSAGE MUST BE INDIVIDUALIZED. The recommended starting dose of Carvedilol Tablet is 6.25 mg twice daily. If this dose is tolerated, using standing systolic pressure measured about 1 hour after dosing as a guide, the dose should be maintained for 7 to 14 days, and then increased to 12.5 mg twice daily if needed, based on trough blood pressure, again using standing systolic pressure one hour after dosing as a guide for tolerance. This dose should also be maintained for 7 to 14 days and can then be adjusted upward to 25 mg twice daily if tolerated and needed. The full antihypertensive effect of Carvedilol Tablets is seen within 7 to 14 days. Total daily dose should not exceed 50 mg.
Concomitant administration with a diuretic can be expected to produce additive effects and exaggerate the orthostatic component of Carvedilol Tablet action.
2.4 Hepatic ImpairmentCarvedilol Tablets should not be given to patients with severe hepatic impairment [see Contraindications (4)].
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